Non-Indigenous individuals and organizations may also have rights on modern treaty lands, depending on the agreement. For example:

• In Nunavut, only the federal government can expropriate Inuit Owned Lands, except within municipal boundaries. If surface access to Inuit-owned land is desired by a business (e.g. a mining company), the company must negotiate an impact benefit agreement (IBA) with the Regional Inuit Association holding title to the land. Impact benefit agreements ensure that Inuit communities benefit from projects through various means such as employment and economic development.
• In Yukon, the Vuntut Gwitchin Government has surface rights, but not subsurface rights on its Category B land. This means that oil and gas companies can gain subsurface rights from the Government of Canada. However, they must consult with the Vuntut Gwitchin, gain approvals from the Yukon Land Use Planning Council and Yukon Environmental and Socioeconomic Assessment Board, and comply with oil and gas exploration legislation.