For modern treaties with self-government, taxation agreements play a significant role in supporting regional economies. As with any government, taxes are a source of revenue to support programs and services.

Many modern treaties have personal income tax agreements in place that direct tax revenue from their citizens into their coffers. Also in place in many modern treaty organizations are GST tax agreements related to goods and services consumed on treaty lands, and property tax agreements.

Resource royalty sharing agreements are in place as well, so that royalties are levied against mining, logging and other activity for the benefit of the treaty organization and citizens.

Among the taxation areas that have yet to be resolved between the Government of Canada and modern treaty organizations are corporate income tax and commodity taxes (tobacco, fuel, liquor).